The London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP)

Studies using the LMUP

A number of researchers and academics are using the LMUP (see below for details). Where publications are available from these studies they are listed below:

Dr Jayani Ranatunga (University of Colombo) and Dr Kapila Jayaratne (Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka) used the LMUP in a study of pregnant women attending the Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Sinhalese LMUP is included in the study:

Ranatunga IDJC, Jayaratne K. 2020 Proportion of unplanned pregnancies, their determinants and health outcomes of women delivering at a teaching hospital in Sri Lanka BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20:667 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Jennifer Malat, Prof George Slavich (UCLA) and colleagues used the LMUP in a study exploring birth intendedness, race and life stress:

Malat J, Johns-Wolfe E, Smith T, Shields GS, Jacquez F, Slavich GM. 2020 Associations between lifetime stress exposure, race, and first-birth intendedness in the United States Journal of Health Psychology Online first Abstract and full pdf

Dr Linnea Zimmerman and colleagues (John Hopkins University and Addis Ababa University) have published the protocol for PMA-Ethiopia survey which will provide data on a range of reproductive health indicators, including the LMUP:

Zimmerman L, Desta S, Yihdego M, Rogers A, Amogne A, Karp C, Wood SN, Creanga A, Ahmed S, Seme A, Shiferaw A. 2020 Protocol for PMA-Ethiopia: a new data source for cross-sectional and longitudinal data of reproductive, maternal, and newborn health Gates Open Research 4:126 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Shino Arikawa and colleagues (Inserm/University of Bordeaux) used the LMUP in a survey of non-pregnant HIV-positive women in Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa:

Arikawa S, Dumazert P, Messou E, Burgos-Soto J, Tiendrebeogo T, Zahui A, Horo A, Minga A, Becquet R. 2020 Childbearing desire and reproductive behaviors among women living with HIV: a cross-sectional study in Abidjan, Cote dIvoire PloS ONE 15(10):e0239859 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Lingsa Jia and Dr Wendy Norman carried out an analysis pregnancy risk and past unintended pregnancy among women on opioid agonist therapy in British Columbia:

Jia L, Norman WV. 2020 Contraceptive practices among women on opioid agonist therapy Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada in press Abstract and full pdf

Dr Celia Melo, Dr Ana Borges and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of women attending health facilities in Sao Paulo, Brazil:

Melo CRM, Borges ALV, Duarte LS, Nascimento NC. 2020 Contraceptive use and the intention to become pregnant among women attending the Brazilian Unified Health System Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 28 Abstract and full pdf

A UK Department of Health funded study on pre-pregnancy health and care, led by Prof. Judith Stephenson at Institute for Women's Health, UCL, used the LMUP with pregnant women and their partners:

Barrett G, Hall JA, Howden B, Patel D, Shawe J, Stephenson J. 2020 Evaluation of the psychometric properties of a version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy for women's partners International Journal of Men's Social and Community Health 3;1:e65-e77 Abstract and full pdf

Jawad A, Patel D, Brima N, Stephenson J, 2019 Alcohol, smoking, folic acid and multivitamin use among women attending maternity care in London: a cross-sectional study Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare 22:100461 Abstract

Shawe J, Patel D, Joy M, Howden B, Barrett G, Stephenson J. 2019 Preparation for fatherhood: a survey of men's preconception health knowledge and behaviour in England PloS ONE 14(3): e0213897 Abstract

Bye A, Shawe J, Stephenson J, Bick D, Brima N, Micali N. 2016 Differences in pre-conception and pregnancy healthy lifestyle advice by maternal BMI: Findings from a cross sectional survey Midwifery 42:38-45 Abstract

Stephenson et al. 2014 How do women prepare for pregnancy? Preconception experiences of women attending antenatal services and views of health professionals PlosOne 9(7): e103085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103085 Abstract

Dr Sara Roberts (UCSF) and colleagues (UCSF, University of Maryland, Louisiana State University) used the LMUP in the Multistate Abortion Prenatal Study, a large cross-sectional survey across four antenatal providers in the U.S.:

Toquinto SM, Berglas NF, McLemore MR, Delgado A, Roberts SCM. 2020 Pregnant women's acceptability of alcohol, tobacco and drug use screening and willingness to disclose use in prenatal care Women's Health Issues Online first Abstract

Berglas NF, Kimport K, Williams V, Mark K, Roberts SCM. 2019 The health and social care needs of pregnant women who consider but do not have abortions Women's Health Issues 29(5):364-369 Abstract

Roberts SCM, Johns NE, Williams V, Wingo E, Upadhyay UD. 2019 Estimating the proportion of Medicaid-eligible pregnant women in Louisiana who do not get abortions when Medicaid does not cover abortion BMC Women's Health 19:78 Abstract

Roberts SCM, Kimport K, Kriz R, Holl J, Mark K, Williams V. 2018 Consideration of and reasons for not obtaining abortion among women entering prenatal care in Southern Louisiana and Baltimore, Maryland Sexuality Research and Social Policy https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-018-0359-4 Abstract and full pdf

Berglas NF, Williams V, Mark V, Roberts SCM. 2018 Should prenatal care providers offer pregnancy options for counseling? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18:384 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Karen Trister Grace and colleagues used the LMUP in research with Latina women in Atlanta on the relationship between intimate partner violence, reproductive coercion and unplanned pregnancy:

Grace KT, Decker MR, Alexander KA, Campbell J, Miller E, Perrin N, Glass N. 2020 Reproductive coercion, intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy among Latina women Journal of Interpersonal Violence Online first Abstract

Dr Adebukunola Olajumoke Afolabi and colleague used the LMUP in an analysis of the factors associated with unintended pregnancy in Nigeria:

Afolabi AO, Olaogun A, Afolabi KA, Afolabi EK 2020 Determinants of unintended pregnancies among nursing mothers in southwest Nigeria African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 14;2:1-17 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Laura Britton and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of postpartum women who had pre-gestational Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in North Carolina:

Britton LE, Berry DC, Crandell JL, Brooks JL, Bryant AG. 2020 Perceptions and bahaviors related contraceptive use in the postpartum period among women with pregestational Diabetes Mellitus Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 49;2:154-166 Abstract

Dr Adina Lang, Prof Jacqueline Boyle and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of pregnant women in Melbourne, Australia, and evaluated its psychometric properties:

Lang AY, Harrison CL, Barrett G, Hall JA, Moran LJ, Boyle JA. 2020 Opportunities for enhancing pregnancy planning and preconception health behaviours of Australian women Women and Birth Online first Abstract

Lang AY, Hall JA, Harrison CL, Teede H, Moran LJ, Barrett G. 2019 Validation of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy among pregnant Australian women PLoS ONE 14(8): e0220774 Abstract and full text

Lang AY, Harrison CL, Boyle JA. 2019 Preconception lifestyle and weight-related behaviours by maternal body mass index: a cross-sectional study of pregnant women Nutrients 11;4:759 Abstract

Dr Veronique Maas and colleagues are using the LMUP in a RCT of preconception care in the Netherlands. The protocol of the study is published:

Maas VYF, Koster MPH, Ista E, Auweele KLHV, de Bie RWA, de Smit DJ, Visser BC, van Vliet-Lachotzki EH, Franx A, Poels M. 2020 Study design of a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a locally tailored approach for preconception care ‐ the APROPOS‐II study BMC Public Health 20:235 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Julia Whitley and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of breastfeeding and maternal mood in the U.S.:

Whitley J, Wouk K, Bauer AE, Grewen K, Gottfredson NC, Meltzer-Brody S, Propper C, Mills-Koonce R, Pearson B, Stuebe A. 2020 Oxytocin during breastfeeding and maternal mood symptoms Psychoneuroendocrinology 113:104581 Abstract

Dr Laura McGowan and colleagues used the LMUP in a background questionnaire for participants in a qualitative study in Northern Ireland:

McGowan L, Lennon-Caughey E, Chun C, McKinley MC, Woodside JV. 2020 Exploring preconception health beliefs amongst adults of childbearing age in the UK: a qualitative analysis BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20:41 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Jenny Niemeyer Hultstrand and colleagues used the LMUP with pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Sweden:

Hultstrand JN, Tyden T, Malqvist M, Ragnar ME, Larsson M, Jonsson M. 2020 Foreign-born women's lifestyle and health before and during early pregnancy in Sweden The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 25(1):20-27 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Gariepy and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of pregnant women recruited via abortion and pregnancy testing services:

Lundsberg LS, Pensak MJ, Gariepy AM. 2020 Is periconceptional substance use associated with unintended pregnancy? Women's Health Reports 1(1):17-25 Abstract and full text

Kemet S, Lundsberg LS, Gariepy AM. 2018 Race and ethnicity may not be associated with risk of unintended pregnancy Contraception 97;4:313-318 Abstract

Gariepy A, Lundsberg LS, Vilardo N, Stanwood N, Yonkers K, Schwarz EB. 2017 Pregnancy context and women's health related quality of life Contraception Contraception 95;5:491-499 Abstract

The UK's third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, carried out by Prof Anne Johnson (UCL), Dr Cath Mercer (UCL), Dr Pam Sonneneberg (UCL), Dr Andrew Copas (UCL), Prof Kaye Wellings (LSHTM), Wendy MacDowall (LSHTM), Bob Erens (NatCen), Healther Wardle (NatCen), Prof Catherine Ison (Health Protection Agency), Prof Frederick Wu (University of Manchester), used the LMUP in its data collection in relation to all pregnancies reported in the last year. Further information about Natsal The papers reporting LMUP findings include:

Parkes A, Waltenberger M, Mercer C, Johnson A, Wellings K, Mitchell K. 2020 Latent class analysis of sexual health markers among men and women participating in a British probability sample survey BMC Public Health 20:14 Abstract and pdf

Paquette R, Tanton C, Burns F, Prah P, Shahmanesh M, Field N, Macdowall W, Gravningen K, Sonnerberg P, Mercer CH. 2017 Illicit drug use and its association with key sexual risk behaviours and outcomes: Findings from Britain's third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) PlosONE 12(5):e0177922 Abstract

Palmer MJ, Clarke L, Ploubidis GB, Mercer CH, Gibson LJ, Johnson AM, Copas AJ, Wellings K. 2016 Is "sexual competence" at first heterosexual intercourse associated with subsequent sexual health status The Journal of Sex Research Abstract

Wellings et al. 2013 The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and associated factors in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) Lancet 382(9907):1807-16 Abstract

The Turnaway Study. The LMUP was used in the UCSF ‘Turnaway Study’, a prospective, longitudinal study of women who underwent or were denied an abortion. Further information: Papers reporting LMUP findings include:

Rocca CH, Samari G, Foster DG, Gould H, Kimport K. 2020 Emotions and decision rightness over five years following an abortion: an examination of decision difficulty and abortion stigma Social Science and Medicine 248:112704 Abstract and full text

Ralph LJ, Greene Foster D, Rocca CH. 2020 Comparing prospective and retrospective reports of pregnancy intention in a longitudinal cohort of U.S. women Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health Online first Abstract

Rocca CH, Wilson MR, Jeon M, Foster DG. 2019 Stability of retrospective pregnancy intention reporting among women with unwanted pregnancies in the United States Maternal and Child Health Journal 23:1547-1555 Abstract

Upadhyay UD, Aztlan-James EA, Rocca CH, Greene Foster D. 2019 Intended pregnancy after receiving vs. being denied a wanted abortion Contraception 99;1:42-47 Abstract

Foster DG, Biggs MA, Raifman S, Gipson J, Kimport K, Rocca CH. 2018 Comparision of health, development, maternal bonding, and poverty among children born after denial of abortion vs after pregnancies subsequent to an abortion JAMA Pediatrics 172;11:1053-1060 Abstract

Ralph L, Greene Foster D, Rocca C. 2018 Comparing prospective versus retrospective pregnancy intention reporting on incident pregnancies in a longitudinal study of U.S. women Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Denver, April 2018 Abstract

Aztlan EA, Foster DG, Upadhyay U. 2018 Subsequent unintended pregnancy among US women who receive or are denied a wanted abortion Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 63;1:45-52 Abstract

Roberts SCM, Subbaraman MS, Delucchi KL, Wilsnack SC, Foster DG. 2016 Moderators and mediators of the relationship between receiving versus being denied a pregnancy termination and subsequent binge drinking Drug and Alcohol Dependence 159:117-24 Abstract

Rocca C, Foster D. 2016 Changes over time in retrospective reporting of pregnancy intentions among women who sought an abortion in the United States Population Association of America Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., April 2016 Abstract

Rocca et al. 2015 Decision rightness and emotional responses to abortion in the United States: a Longitudinal Study PloS ONE 10(7): e0128832. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128832 Abstract

Roberts, S. C. M., Wilsnack, S. C., Foster, D. G. and Delucchi, K. L. (2014), Alcohol Use Before and During Unwanted Pregnancy Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 38:2844-2852. Abstract

Rocca CH, Kimport K, Gould H, Foster DG. 2013 Women's Emotions One Week After Receiving or Being Denied an Abortion in the United States. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 45:122–131. Abstract

Biggs A, Gould H, Greene Foster D. 2013 Understanding why women seek abortions in the US BMC Women's Health 13:29 Abstract and full text

Robert SCM, Avalos LA, Sinkford D, Greene Foster D. 2012 Alcohol, tobacco and drug use as reasons for abortion Alcohol and Alcoholism 47;6:640-684 Abstract

Dr Megan Clowse (Dukes University) has used the LMUP in her investigation of pregnancy intention among women with lupus and other rheumatic diseases:

Clowse MEB. 2019 Pregnancy intention among women with SLE and other rheumatic diseases Lupus Science and Medicine 6(Suppl 1):A80 Conference abstract

Dr Nataliya Brima and colleagues evaluated the LMUP in Krio in Sierra Leone:

Brima N, Samba TT, Yamba A, Barrett G, Stephenson J, Hall J. 2019 Evaluation of the Krio language version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy in Western Area, Sierra Leone African Journal of Reproductive Health 23(4):81-91 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Natalia de Castro Nascimento, Dr Ana Borges and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of preconception care in Brazil:

Nascimento NC, Borges ALV, Fujimori E. 2019 Preconception health behaviors among women with planned pregnancies Revista Brazileira de Enfermagem (Supl 3) Full Text

Marielle da Silva and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of adolescents in Brazil:

Silva MJP da, Nakagawa JTT, Silva ALR da, Espinose MM. 2019 Pregnancy planning in adolescence. Cogitare Enfermagem Abstract and full pdf

Dr Justine Bukenya, Dr Rhoda Wanyenze and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of female sex workers in Uganda, including evaluation of the LMUP in four languages (Luganda, Acholi, Lugisu, Runyakole):

Bukenya JN, Nalwadda CK, Neema S, Kyambadde P, Wanyenze RK, Barrett G. 2019 Pregnancy planning among female sex workers: evaluation of the psychometric properties of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy African Journal of Reproductive Health 23;3:79-95 Abstract and full pdf

Bukenya JN, Wanyenze RK, Barrett G, Hall J, Makumbi F, Guwatudde D. 2019 Contraceptive use, prevalence and predictors of pregnancy planning among female sex workers in Uganda: a cross sectional study BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19:121 Abstract

Dr Leeanne Panisi, Dr Kluckow, Prof Kirstin Black and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of 1441 women attending antenatal care in the Solomon Islands:

Panisi LR, Noguchi T, Kluckow H, Black KI. 2019 A cross-sectional study of factors predicting antenatal patients' knowledge of modern methods of contraception in Honiara, Solomon Islands Pacific Journal of Reproductive Health 1;9:500-505 Abstract and full pdf

Kluckow H, Panisis L, Lauri J, Jatubatu, Kim D, Hodges L, Black K. 2018 Socio-demographic predictors of unintended pregnancy and late antenatal booking in Honiara, Solomon Islands Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology doi:10.1111/ajo.12782 Abstract

Dr Tessa Madden and colleagues used the LMUP in a study examining enhanced contraceptive care and “Complete CHOICE” contraceptive care in three health centres in two Midwest U.S. cities:

Madden T, Paul R, Maddipati R, Buckel C, Goodman M, Peipert JF. 2019 Comparison of unintended pregnancy at 12 months between two contraceptive care programs; a controlled time-trend design Contraception 100:196-201 Abstract

Dr Alison Stuebe and colleagues used the LMUP in a longitudinal study of 222 women, recruited in North Carolina, as part of an assessment of mood (depression and anxiety) during pregnancy and breastfeeding outcomes:

Stuebe AM, Meltzer-Brody S, Propper C, Pearson B, Beiler P, Elam M, Walker C, Mills-Koonce R, Grewen K. 2019 The mood, mother, and infant study: associations between maternal mood in pregnancy and breastfeeding outcome Breastfeeding Medicine 14;8:1-9 Abstract

Dr Jenny Hall (UCL) carried out a study in Malawi examining the relationship between pregnancy intention and key maternal and neonatal outcomes. The LMUP was used to assess pregnancy intention. The evaluation of the LMUP in translation was published in 2013 Further information. The findings from the main study are now being published:

Hall JA, Stephenson J, Barrett G. 2019 On the stability of reported pregnancy intentions from pregnancy to 1 year postnatally: impact of choice of measure, timing of assessment, women's characteristics and outcome of pregnancy. Maternal and Child Health Journal 23:1177-1186 Abstract and full pdf

Hall JA, Barrett G, Copas A, Phiri T, Malata A, Stephenson J (2018) Reassessing pregnancy intention and its relation to maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes in a low-income setting: A cohort study. PLoS ONE 13(10):e0205487. Abstract and full pdf

Hall J, Stephenson J, Barrett G. 2018 Comparing the order of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy and the Demographic and Health Survey question on pregnancy intention in a single group of postnatal women in Malawi ‐ the effect of question order on assessment of pregnancy intention BMC Research Notes 11:487 Abstract and full pdf

Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, Schoenaker DAJM, Hutchinson J, Cade JE, Poston L, Barrett G, Crozier SR, Barker M, Kumaran K, Yajnik CS, Baird J, Mishra GD. 2018 Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health Lancet 391:1830-41 Abstract and full pdf

Hall JA, Barrett G, Copas A, Stephenson J. 2017 London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy: guidance for its use as an outcome measure Patient Related Outcome Measures 8:43-56 Abstract and full pdf

Hall JA, Barrett G, Phiri T, Copas A, Malata A, Stephenson J. 2016 Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in Mchinji District, Malawi: Using a conceptual hierarchy to inform analysis PlosOne 11(10): e0165621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165621 Abstract and full pdf

Hall J, Barrett G, Mbwana N, Copas A, Malata A, Stephenson J. 2013 Understanding pregnancy planning in a low-income country setting: validation of the London measure of unplanned pregnancy in Malawi BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13:200 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Meagan Chuey, Dr Lisa Kane Low and colleagues (University of Michigan) are using the LMUP with Syrian refugee women in the United States:

Chuey M, Wu J, Ali I, Low LK. 2019 Conducting reproductive health research with Syrian women who are refugees: methodological considerations ACCESS Health Journal Fourth issue, Spring 2019, p.129-137 Abstract and full text

Dr Ike Puspasari Ayu and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of women having their first baby in Serang City, Indonesia.

Ayu IP, Rachmawati IN, Ungsianik T. 2019 Maternal age as a main factor influencing prenatal distress in Indonesian primigravida Enfermería Clínica 29 (Supplement 2):310-314 Abstract

Dr Veronica Rahmawati and colleagues used the LMUP with a sample of adolescent mothers in Indonesia:

Rahmawati VY, Rachmawati IN, Budiati T. 2019 Childbirth self-efficacy and childbirth expectation of adolescent mothers in Indonesia Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing 42(Supplement 1): 208-216 Abstract

Dr Natalie Hernandez and colleagues (Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA) used the LMUP in recruitment of interviewees to a qualitative interview study. Only two items of the LMUP are reported, not full LMUP scores.

Hernandez ND, Chandler R, Nava N, Tamler I, Daley EM, Baldwin JA, Buhi ER, O'Rourke K, Romero-Daza N, Grilo S. 2019 Young adult US-born Latina women's thoughts, feelings and beliefs about unintended pregnancy Culture, Health and Sexuality Abstract

Dr Kirsty Brittain, Prof Landon Myer and colleagues used the LMUP in a prospective study, following women who had initiated antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, to assess the relationship between pregnancy intention and health outcomes:

Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zere A, Abrams, EJ, Myer L. 2019 Long term effects of unintended pregnancy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes among South African women living with HIV AIDS 33;5:885-893 Abstract

Dr Christine Dehlendorf and colleagues (UCSF) used the LMUP as an outcome measure in a study of the ‘My Birth Control’ decision support tool in clinics providing family planning in the San Francisco Bay area:

Dehlendorf C, Fitzpatrick J, Fox E, Holt K, Vittinghoff E, Reed R, Campora MP, Sokoloff A, Kuppermann M. 2019 Cluster randomized trial of a patient-centered contraceptive decision support tool, My Birth Control. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 220(6):565.e1-e.12 Abstract

Berglas NF, Williams V, Mark V, Roberts SCM. 2018 Should prenatal care providers offer pregnancy options for counseling? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18:384 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Sara Yeatman and colleagues carried out a study of child and parental health in Malawi, using the LMUP. They presented their findings at the Society of Family Planning conference, the abstract of which has been published:

Yeatman S, Smith-Greenaway E. 2018 Birth planning and women's and men's health in Malawi Studies in Family Planning 43;3:213-235 Abstract

Yeatman S, and Smith-Greenaway E. 2016 The relationship between pregnancy plannedness and parental and child health in Malawi Contraception 94(4):424 Abstract

Dr Joline Goossens and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of postpartum women in Flanders, Belgium. The psychometric properties of the Dutch LMUP have been published. (Further information)

Goossens J, Verhaeghe S, Van Hecke A, Barrett G, Delbaere I, Beeckman D. 2018 Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy in women with pregnancies ending in birth PloS ONE 13(4): e0194033 Abstract and full pdf

Goossens J, Beeckman D, Van Hecke A, Delbaere I, Verhaeghe S. 2018 Preconception lifestyle changes in women with planned pregnancies Midwifery 356:112-120 Abstract

Goossens J, Van Den Branden Y, Van der Sluys L, Delbaere I, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Beeckman D. 2016 The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy ending in birth, associated factors and health outcomes Human Reproduction 31;12: 2821-2833 Abstract

Dr Victoria Lyun, Prof Landon Myer and colleagues used the LMUP in a study of pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa:

Lyun V, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Le Roux S, McINtyre JA, Zerbe Z, Petro G, Abrams EJ, Myer L. 2018 Prevalence and determinants of unplanned pregnancy in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional study BMJ Open 8;4:e019979. Abstract and full text

Dr Jonathan Bearak (Guttmacher Institute) and colleagues assessed global trends in unintended pregnancy. Six studies using the LMUP were included in the analysis:

Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G. 2018 Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model Lancet Global Health 6;4:e380-e389 Abstract and full text

Dr Ana Borges and colleagues used the LMUP with a cohort of pregnant women, following them into the postpartum period, and assessed their postpartum use of contraception:

Borges ALV, dos Santos OA, Fujimori E. 2018 Concordance between intention to use and current use of contraceptives among six-month postpartum women in Brazil: the role of unplanned pregnancy Midwifery 56:94-101 Abstract

Dr Ahmed Abdulwahab and colleagues (King Saud University) used the LMUP in a study of women attending antenatal services:

Abdulwahab A, Almotairi A, Alkhamis W, Almutiari A. 2018 Prevalence of unplanned pregnancy and its psychological effect among pregnant patients in King Khalid University Hospitals The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 70(6):943-947 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Eman Almaghaslah, Prof Roger Rochat, and Dr Ghada N. Farhat (Emory University) evaluated the LMUP in Arabic in Saudi Arabia (Further information)::

Almaghaslah E, Rochat R, Farhat G. 2017 Validation of a pregnancy planning measure for Arabic-speaking women PloS ONE 12(10): e0185433 Abstract and full pdf

The LMUP will be used in an RCT of sexual health and nutritional interventions among sex workers in Kenya. The trial protocol has been published:

Ampt et al. 2017 WHISPER or SHOUT study: protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial assessing mHealth sexual reproductive health and nutrition interventions among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya BMJ Open 7(8): e017388 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Muhammad Atif Habib (Aga Khan University/University of Sydney) and colleagues carried out a study of 3010 women attending two antenatal clinics, one in Karachi city and one in Dadu district, Pakistan, using the LMUP (Further information):

Habib MA, Raynes-Greenow C, Nausheen S, Soofi SB, Sajid M, Bhutta ZA, Black K. 2017 Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies amongst women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 17:156 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Kinga Om and colleagues used the LMUP with women attending the antenatal clinic of the Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital in Bhutan, Thailand:

Om K, Deoisres W, Suppaseemanont W. 2017 Preconception health behaviors and associated factors of Bhutanese pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic of National Referral Hospital. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal 12;2:45-56 Abstract and full pdf

The LMUP in Swedish was compared to the single question, “How planned was your current pregnancy?” in an analysis by Drevin et al in 2017. Barrett et al commented on the analysis in 2018:

Drevin J, Kristiansson P, Stern J, Rosenblad A. 2017 Measuring pregnancy planning: a psychometric evaluation comparison of two scales. Journal of Advanced Nursing 73:2765-2775 Abstract

Barrett G, Hall JA, Borges ALV, Rocca C, Almaghaslah E, Stephenson J. 2018 Commentary on Drevin et al. (2017) Measuring pregnancy planning: a psychometric evaluation comparison of two scales. JAN Interactive Commentary

Dr Ana Borges and colleagues evaluated the LMUP in Brazilian Portuguese translation:

Borges ALV, Barrett G, dos Santos OA, Nascimento NC, Cavalhieri FB, Fujimori E. 2016 Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy in Brazilian Portuguese BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 16:244 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Paula Castano and Prof Carolyn Westhoff, Colombia University, used the LMUP in US-English and Spanish translation in 2005 in a study of women seeking pregnancy testing at a family planning clinic. Dr Aiken led an analysis of these data in 2016. Barrett et al commented on the analysis in 2017:

Aiken ARA, Westhoff CL, Trussell J, Castano PM. 2016 Comparison of a timing-based measure of unintended pregnancy and the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 48;3:139-146 Abstract

Barrett G, Hall JA, Stephenson J. 2017 Measuring unintended pregnancy: the complexity of comparison Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 49;1:69-70 Letter Full text

Major Ryan J. Heitmann and colleagues used the LMUP in a survey of U.S. female service members and military health care beneficiaries aged 18-42 across three tertiary military health centres:

Heitmann RJ, Batig AL, Levy G, Novotney J, Grubbs C, Batig TS, Gobem JM, Hemman E, Christy AY, Hill MJ. 2016 Unintended pregnancy in the military health care system: who is really at risk? Military Medicine 181;10:1370-1374 Abstract

Dr Liauw and colleagues carried out a study examining the contraceptive needs of women in a correctional facility in Ontario, Canada. They used the LMUP to assess the intention status of women's most recent pregnancy:

Liauw J, Foran J, Dineley B, Costescu D, Kouyoumdjian FG. 2016 The unmet contraceptive need of incarcerated women in Ontario Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38;9820-826 Abstract

Dr Cheney and colleagues used the LMUP in with women attending an Early Pregnancy Assessment Service (EPAS) in Australia. The EPAS reviews women who present in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy with bleeding and/or pain or with other concerns.

Cheney K, Sim KA, D'Souza M, Pelosi M, Black KI. 2016 Unintended pregnancy amongst an early pregnancy clinic cohort: identifying opportunities for preventative health interventions Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 56(4):426-31 Abstract

Prof. James Trussell and colleagues assessed pregnancy intention among women attending antenatal clinics and abortion services:

Bexhell H, Guthrie K, Cleland K, Trussell J. 2016 Unplanned pregnancy and contraceptive use in Hull and East Yorkshire Contraception 93:233-235 Abstract

Dr Abdolreza Shaghaghi and colleagues evaluated the LMUP in Persian translation in Iran as part of a wider study assessing unmet need for family planning (Further information):

Roshanaei S, Shaghaghi A, Jafarabadi MA, and Kousha A. 2015 Measuring unintended pregnancies in postpartum Iranian women: validation of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 21(8):572-578 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Ana Luiza Vilea Borges used the LMUP in a study of contraceptive use by women following an induced or spontaneous abortion:

Borges ALV, OlaOlorun F, Fujimori E, Akiko L, Hoga K, Tsui AO. 2015 Contrceptive use following spontaneous and induced abortion and its association with family planning services in primary health care: results from a Brazilian longitudinal study Reproductive Health 12:94 Abstract and full pdf

Dr Ginger Poulton and colleagues used the LMUP with women attending methodone clinics in a study assessing their reproductive health and choices:

Poulton G, Parlier AB, Scott KR, Fagan EB, Galvin SL. 2015 Contraceptive choices for reproductive age women at methadone clinics in Western North Carolina MAHEC Online Journal of Research 2:2 Abstract and full pdf

The LMUP was used in the Life Study, the UK's ambitious new cohort study which aimed to recruit 80,000 pregnant women. The study, led by Prof. Carol Dezateux at Institute of Child Health, UCL closed early due to difficulties in recruitment of participants. Further information

The UK ‘Contessa’ study, a longitudinal study of women's contraceptive use, used the LMUP in its data collection:

Wellings et al. 2015 Stopping and switching contraceptive methods: findings from Contessa, a prospective longitudinal study of women of reproductive age in England Contraception 91:57-66 Abstract

A Swedish study of antenatal clinic attenders used the LMUP in its data collection:

Bodin et al. 2015 Coherence of pregnancy planning within couples expecting a child Midwifery Abstract

An Argentinian study of women with and without bipolar disorder used the LMUP in its data collection:

Marengo et al. 2015 Unplanned pregnancies and reproductive health among women with bipolar disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 178:201-205 Abstract

A U.S. study of pregnancy intention among HIV-positive women used the LMUP in their data collection:

Rahangdale et al. 2014 Pregnancy intentions among women living with HIV in the United States Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 65(3):306-311 Abstract

The LMUP was used in a study of antenatal clinic attenders in Papua New Ginuea. (The full LMUP was used in the pilot study then item 6 was dropped in the main study because of low endorsement. Technically, this invalidates the LMUP, but score patterns can be seen.)

Sanga et al. 2014 Unintended pregnancy amongst women attending antenatal clinics at the Port Moresby General Hospital Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 54(4):360-365 Abstract

A pilot randomized trial of an intervention to prevent HIV in young women in Zimbabwe used the LMUP. Little information is given about how the LMUP was adapted for use in the study:

Dunbar et al. 2014 The SHAZ! Project: Results from a pilot randomized trial of a structural intervention to prevent HIV among adolescent women in Zimbabwe PloS ONE 9(11) : e113621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113621 Abstract

A Danish study of pre-pregnancy health and care used the LMUP in their data collection:

Backhausen et al. 2013 Pregnancy planning and lifestyle prior to conception and during early pregnancy among Danish women European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care Abstract

An Australian study of women attending an antenatal clinic used the LMUP in their data collection:

Rassi A, Wattimena J, Black K. 2013 Pregnancy intention in an urban Australian antenatal population Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 37:568-73 Abstract

A UK study of women attending for abortion used the LMUP:

Cameron ST, Glasier A. 2013 Identifying women in need of further discussion about the decision to have an abortion and eventual outcome Contraception 88;1:128-132. Abstract

Diane Morof MD MSc, Centers for Disease Control and University of California, San Francisco, has led an evaluation of the LMUP in US English and Spanish Further information:

Morof D, Steinauer J, Haider S, Liu S, Darney P, Barrett G. 2012 Evaluation of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy in a United States population of women. PloS One 7(4) Article number e35381 Abstract and full pdf

Morof D, Steinauer J, Haider S, Liu S, Darney P, Barrett G. 2009 Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy in a U.S. population of women. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetricse Vol.107 Supplement 2 p.S275 Abstract

A Brazilian study, led by Dr Ana Luiza Vilela Borges, has used the LMUP:

Borges et al. 2011 Pregnancy planning: prevalence and associated aspects Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 45:2 Abstract

Corinne Rocca MPH PhD of University of California, San Francisco led an evaluation of the LMUP in Tamil and Kannada translation in Bangalore, India Further information:

Rocca CH, Krishnan S, Barrett G, and Wilson M. 2010 Measuring pregnancy planning: an assessment of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy among urban, south Indian women. Demographic Research 23(11):293-334 Abstract and full pdf Further Information

Skinner R, Doherty D, and Lewis L, of the University of Western Australia, carried out a longitudinal study in Perth, Australia, called, "Why do teenage mothers fall pregnant so quickly? Exploring the bio-psychosocial antecedents of repeat teenage pregnancy". The LMUP was used in data collection with mothers during pregnancy.

Lewis et al. 2010 Predictors of sexual intercourse and rapid-repeat pregnancy among teenage mothers: an Australian prospective longitudinal study Medical Journal of Australia 193(6):338-42 Abstract

A Canadian study of couples expecting their first child use the LMUP in their data collection:

Lachance-Grzela M and Bouchard G. 2009 The well-being of cohabiting and married couples during pregnancy: Does pregnancy planning matter? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26(2-3):141-159 Abstract

Bouchard G. 2011 The role of psychosocial variables in prenatal attachment: an examination of moderational effects Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 29(3):197-207 Abstract

Shallimar Jones, of Michigan State University, used the LMUP in her doctoral research on stress during pregnancy, completed in 2007.

Fatim Lakha and Prof Anna Glasier MD FRCOG used the LMUP in a study looking at unplanned pregnancy and emergency contraception use among pregnant women in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Lakha F, Glasier A. 2006 Unintended pregnancy and use of emergency contraception among a large cohort of women attending for antenatal care or abortion in Scotland Lancet 368:1782-87 Abstract

Suzanne Cater and Lester Coleman PhD of the Trust for the Study of Adolescence carried out a study, funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, of 'planned' pregnancy among teenagers. The LMUP was used as a screening questionnaire to identify potential interviewees. The report presents the LMUP data and provides a rich qualitative account of the reasons for teenage 'planned' pregnancies:

Cater S, Coleman L. 2006 'Planned' Teenage Pregnancy: Perspectives of young parents from disadvantaged backgrounds. Bristol: Policy Press Abstract and full pdf

Coleman L, Cater S. 2006 ‘Planned’ teenage pregnancy: perspectives of young women from disadvantaged backgrounds in England Journal of Youth Studies 9(5):593-614 Abstract

Catherine Schünmann MD, and Prof Anna Glasier MD FRCOG, Edinburgh, used a modified version of the LMUP in a randomised controlled trial of contraceptive advice at the time of abortion. G Barrett's comment on the unevaluated modified measure and the author's response were published in January 2007.

Schünmann C, and Glasier A. 2006 Measuring pregnancy intention and its relationship with contraceptive use among women undergoing therapeutic abortion Contraception 73:520-524. Abstract

Barrett G. 2007 Letter to the Editor Contraception 75:79 Letter

Schünmann C. 2007 Response to Letter to the Editor Contraception 75:79

Prof Kaye Wellings, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and colleagues used the LMUP in a survey component of the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy Evaluation. The LMUP findings are presented on page 63 and 64 of the final report and in corresponding sections in the earlier annual reports.

Wellings K et al. 2005 Teenage Pregnancy Strategy Evaluation: Final Report Synthesis. London: LSHTM Report